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+---
+title: GNU Make
+---
+Best practices for my Makefiles (sorry for the botched highlighting).
+
+```make
+# Put this in the top of the Makefile:
+
+MAKEFLAGS += --no-builtin-rules --no-builtin-variables --warn-undefined-variables
+unexport MAKEFLAGS
+.DEFAULT_GOAL := all
+.DELETE_ON_ERROR:
+.SUFFIXES:
+SHELL := bash
+.SHELLFLAGS := -eu -o pipefail -c
+
+escape = $(subst ','\'',$(1))
+
+define noexpand
+ifeq ($$(origin $(1)),environment)
+    $(1) := $$(value $(1))
+endif
+ifeq ($$(origin $(1)),environment override)
+    $(1) := $$(value $(1))
+endif
+ifeq ($$(origin $(1)),command line)
+    override $(1) := $$(value $(1))
+endif
+endef
+
+# OK, now some examples of how to use it:
+
+.PHONY: all
+all: test-escape test-noexpand
+
+# Always put command arguments in single quotes.
+# Escape variables and shell output using the escape function.
+
+var_with_quote := Includes ' quote
+
+.PHONY: test-escape
+test-escape:
+	printf '%s\n' '$(call escape,$(var_with_quote))'
+	printf '%s\n' '$(call escape,$(shell echo "Includes ' quote"))'
+
+# The above recipe will print "Includes ' quote" twice.
+
+# If you define variables using ?= or use environment variables in your
+# Makefile, use noexpand on them (to safeguard against ${accidental}
+# references).
+
+var_with_default ?= Accidental reference?
+$(eval $(call noexpand,var_with_default))
+
+$(eval $(call noexpand,env_var))
+
+.PHONY: test-noexpand
+test-noexpand:
+	printf '%s\n' '$(call escape,$(var_with_default))'
+	printf '%s\n' '$(call escape,$(env_var))'
+
+# The above recipe will print "Accidental ${reference}" twice if you run using
+# env_var='Accidental ${reference}' make var_with_default='Accidental ${reference}'
+```