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----
-title: Recurring decimals
-mathjax: true
----
-First, let's determine that
-
-$$
-\newcommand\naturals{\mathbb{N}}
-\newcommand\rationals{\mathbb{Q}}
-\newcommand\reals{\mathbb{R}}
-
-\newcommand\xs{x_{1}x_{2}\dots x_n}
-\newcommand\nines{\overbrace{99\dots 9}^n}
-\newcommand\pq{\frac{p}{q}}
-\newcommand\qp{\frac{q}{p}}
-
-0.(9) = 1
-$$
-
-This may seem counter-intuitive, but demonstrably true.
-If $$0.(9) \neq 1$$, then $$\exists n \in \reals: 0.(9) < n < 1$$.
-To put it another way, there must be a number greater than 0.(9) and lesser
-than 1, equal to neither.
-Thinking about it makes it obvious this is not true.
-
-Slightly more formally,
-
-$$
-\begin{align*}
-1 - 0.9 &= \frac{1}{10} \\
-1 - 0.99 &= \frac{1}{100} \\
-1 - 0.999 &= \frac{1}{10^{-3}} \\
-\dots \\
-1 - 0.\nines &= \frac{1}{10^n} \\
-\end{align*}
-$$
-
-If $$0.(9) \neq 1$$, the following must hold:
-
-$$
-\forall n \in \naturals, \exists x \in \reals: x < \frac{1}{10^n}
-$$
-
-It's clear that the only such number is 0, making 0.(9) and 1 equal.
-
-Let $$n \in [1,9]$$.
-Is there $$\pq \in \rationals: \pq = 0.(n)$$?
-
-For $$n = 9$$, we've established $$p = 1, q = 1$$.
-For the other values of $$n$$ we can observe that
-
-$$
-\begin{align*}
-0.(1) \times 9 &= 0.(9) = 1 \\
-0.(2) \times 9/2 &= 0.(9) = 1 \\
-0.(3) \times 9/3 &= 0.(9) \\
-\dots \\
-0.(8) \times 9/8 &= 0.(9) \\
-0.(9) \times 1 &= 0.(9)
-\end{align*}
-$$
-
-So,
-
-$$
-\forall n \in [1,9], \frac{n}{9} = 0.(n)
-$$
-
-In general, let's demonstrate that
-
-$$
-\forall n \in \naturals, n > 0, \forall 0.(x_{1}x_{2}\dots x_n), \exists \pq \in \rationals: \pq = 0.(\xs)
-$$
-
-Let $$p = \xs, q =\,\nines$$.
-It's clear that
-
-$$
-\begin{align*}
-0.(\xs) \times \qp &= 0.(\xs) \times \frac{\nines}{\xs} \\
-&= \left(\frac{\xs}{10^n} + \frac{\xs}{10^{2n}} + \dots\right) \times \frac{\nines}{\xs} \\
-&= \left(\frac{1}{10^n} + \frac{1}{10^{2n}} + \dots\right) \times\,\nines \\
-&= 0.(9) \\
-&= 1
-\end{align*}
-$$
-
-Finally, $$0.(\xs) \times \qp = 1 \implies \pq = 0.(\xs)$$.